Land surveyors are professionals whose job relates to surveying land to demarcate boundaries for various structures and infrastructure. These structures and infrastructure include roads, railways, public facilities, factory structures, and private homes among others. Surveyors are usually charged with many responsibilities, which mean that they must be properly trained and licensed in order to dispense their duties to the public. Each country has requirements that surveyor must meet in order for them to practice. This is worth knowing about Missouri Boundary Survey.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
In the surveying, various tools are used around the world. GPS/GNSS, total station, rod, theodolite, 3D scanners, and measuring tapes are among the most frequently used instruments. For these tools to be effectively used, most of them are attached onto a stand. Tape measures are mostly used for very short distances.
In surveying, angles are measured by the use of a theodolite. Angles in the horizontal and vertical planes are measured using two separate circles, alidades, and protractors. The target object is usually aligned vertically with a telescope. Telescopes are usually mounted on trunnions. The vertical circle is used to measure the angle made by the telescope against the vertical line. This line is called the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special type of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself. Gyrotheodolites are used in situations where reference marks do not exist. Gyrotheodolite is used in underground applications. Further development of theodolites into total stations has been done. Basically, total stations are theodolites. It is only that their design incorporates an electronic distance measurement device.
Total stations can be used for leveling when set on horizontal planes. During the first introduction of total stations, the devices were optical-mechanical. However, nowadays, they are fully electronic due to the better technology used. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed to return pulses of light used for measuring distances in modern stations. Advanced stations are completely robotic and are able to e-mail data to computers that are remote.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
Surveying has been in existence for a very long period. It is therefore an old practice. Ancient civilizations like the Roman and Greek Empires practiced surveying and there is evidence to support this fact. Surveying was done at the basic level during that period. However, much development has been carried out to make the field better. When it comes to equipment and methods applied presently, the level of sophistication is very high.
In the surveying, various tools are used around the world. GPS/GNSS, total station, rod, theodolite, 3D scanners, and measuring tapes are among the most frequently used instruments. For these tools to be effectively used, most of them are attached onto a stand. Tape measures are mostly used for very short distances.
In surveying, angles are measured by the use of a theodolite. Angles in the horizontal and vertical planes are measured using two separate circles, alidades, and protractors. The target object is usually aligned vertically with a telescope. Telescopes are usually mounted on trunnions. The vertical circle is used to measure the angle made by the telescope against the vertical line. This line is called the zenith angle.
A gyrotheodolite is a special type of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself. Gyrotheodolites are used in situations where reference marks do not exist. Gyrotheodolite is used in underground applications. Further development of theodolites into total stations has been done. Basically, total stations are theodolites. It is only that their design incorporates an electronic distance measurement device.
Total stations can be used for leveling when set on horizontal planes. During the first introduction of total stations, the devices were optical-mechanical. However, nowadays, they are fully electronic due to the better technology used. Reflectors or prisms are no longer needed to return pulses of light used for measuring distances in modern stations. Advanced stations are completely robotic and are able to e-mail data to computers that are remote.
Modern stations can also connect to satellite positioning systems automatically. With real time kinematic GPS systems, the speed of surveying has increased a lot. However, real time kinematics GPS systems still have limited accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes. Horizontal accuracy is accurate to only 20 mm while vertically, they have an accuracy of up to 30-40 mm.
There is much variation in the application of GPS in surveying compared to the way GPS is applied in other equipment and methods. Two receivers are used in static GPS. These two receivers are positioned in a place for a significant period to allow them to compare measurements as satellites orbit. This ensures accuracy.
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